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Drunk : how we sipped, danced, and stumbled our way to civilization.
2021
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Library Journal Review
Why do people all over the world use intoxicants that impair thinking and cause long-term health problems? Slingerland (Asian studies, Univ. of British Columbia; Trying Not To Try) attempts to answer this question. His book is international in scope and covers a wide range of topics around this peculiar human behavior and its potential evolutionary or social explanations. He analyzes some widespread theories of drug and alcohol use: "hijack theory" asserts that humans are smart enough to exploit evolution's pleasure systems, while "hangover theory" suggests that we tend to overindulge in substances that, in smaller amounts, would have evolutionary advantages. He also discusses simple functional uses of alcohol, including its ability to kill bacteria in water; for Slingerland, that functional explanation doesn't explain why humans haven't replaced alcohol with, for instance, boiled tea. He proposes that intoxication cools the grip of the prefrontal cortex, allowing a curious and creative childlike mind to wander. There is serious anthropology here, including the tantalizing theory that beer, not bread, was the stimulus for the agricultural revolution. Slingerland's informal, conversational style weaves modern scientific studies with ancient mythology. VERDICT An illuminating yet conversational study that takes an anthropological approach to a widespread and often puzzling human behavior.--Jeffrey Meyer, Iowa Wesleyan Univ.
Publishers Weekly Review
Slingerland (Trying Not to Try), a professor of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia, delivers an entertaining and informative look at the "popularity, persistence, and importance of intoxicants throughout human history." Citing chemical traces of alcohol found on Chinese pot shards from 7000 BCE and peyote buttons carbon-dated to 3700 BCE found in human cave dwellings in Mexico, Slingerland contends that the benefits of intoxication, including boosted creativity, stress relief, and enhanced cooperation, were key to the rise of the "first large-scale societies." He also delves into biology and neuroscience to explain how alcohol's inhibition of the prefrontal cortex helps foster a "childlike creativity and receptiveness in otherwise fully-functional adults," and cites psychological studies showing that moderate intoxication breaks down the social barriers that can prevent people from bonding. Acknowledging that modern distillation techniques and increased social isolation have amplified the dangers of drugs and alcohol, Slingerland suggests ways of "taming Dionysus" such as allowing young adults to sample wine at dinner, so they view it as a "source of aesthetic pleasure" rather than a "forbidden substance." A witty and well-informed narrator, Slingerland ranges across a wide range of academic fields to make his case. Readers will toast this praiseworthy study. (June)
Booklist Review
Authors praising booze come up with the damndest things. Did you know that the Mayflower landing at Plymouth Rock was a beer run? (Well, sort of.) Slingerland, though, has no truck with drunky cuteness. He's a scholar, with solid academic credentials and a professorial display of charts and statistics, which readers can comfortably skip but that do provide scientific and historical justification for a wealth of jarring and entertaining statements: "We wouldn't have civilization as we know it without intoxication in some form." That the form was alcoholic largely accounts for the agrarian expansion that created the modern world: got to have something to ferment. Chunks of the study sing the benevolence and importance of the sauce in business, religion, friendship, the arts, and romance--and in escaping what Aldous Huxley called "selfhood and the environment." Yes, alcohol is linked to "liver damage, cancer, self-harm, industrial accidents, poisonings, drownings, and falls," yet evolution, which apparently has beer for breakfast, has been slow to sense real danger. Slingerland, too, prefers not to dwell on it. "The way to God," he quotes the shamans, "is with beer in hand."
Kirkus Review
A spirited look at drinking. A professor of Asian studies at the University of British Columbia, Slingerland draws on archaeology, anthropology, history, neuroscience, psychopharmacology, social psychology, literature, poetry, and genetics to argue--insistently and repetitively-- for the social, cultural, and psychological benefits of getting drunk. "Far from being an evolutionary mistake," he writes, "chemical intoxication helps solve a number of distinctively human challenges: enhancing creativity, alleviating stress, building trust, and pulling off the miracle of getting fiercely tribal primates to cooperate with strangers." He expounds at length on humans' need for creativity, culture, and cooperation, which, he claims, alcohol enhances. "In many ways," he writes, alcohol "is the perfect drug. It is easy to dose, and its cognitive effects stable across individuals. Best of all, these effects wax and wane predictably and are relatively short-lived." Alcohol consumption, he asserts, preceded agriculture and, in fact, "provided the spark that allowed us to form truly large-scale groups, domesticate increasing numbers of plants and animals, accumulate new technologies, and thereby create the sprawling civilizations that have made us the dominant mega-fauna on the planet." While Slingerland concedes that alcohol may have detrimental physical effects, such as liver damage, he asserts that such costs must be weighed against its "venerable role as an aid to creativity, contentment, and social solidarity." The author acknowledges, however, that this solidarity excludes those who do not drink for health or religious reasons and often excludes women, as well. As far as the role of alcohol in sexual assault and rape, Slingerland writes that these unsavory behaviors are "driven by patriarchal or misogynist social norms rather than the ethanol molecule itself." In the final chapter, the author cautions against imbibing distilled spirits and drinking "outside of the traditional context of ritual and social controls," contradicting his earlier assertion that many artists and writers "unleashed" their creativity by drinking hard liquor, alone. A hyperbolic but entertaining defense of intoxication via alcohol. Copyright (c) Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Summary

An "entertaining and enlightening" deep dive into the alcohol-soaked origins of civilization--and the evolutionary roots of humanity's appetite for intoxication (Daniel E. Lieberman, author of Exercised ).

While plenty of entertaining books have been written about the history of alcohol and other intoxicants, none have offered a comprehensive, convincing answer to the basic question of why humans want to get high in the first place.

Drunk elegantly cuts through the tangle of urban legends and anecdotal impressions that surround our notions of intoxication to provide the first rigorous, scientifically-grounded explanation for our love of alcohol. Drawing on evidence from archaeology, history, cognitive neuroscience, psychopharmacology, social psychology, literature, and genetics, Drunk shows that our taste for chemical intoxicants is not an evolutionary mistake, as we are so often told. In fact, intoxication helps solve a number of distinctively human challenges: enhancing creativity, alleviating stress, building trust, and pulling off the miracle of getting fiercely tribal primates to cooperate with strangers. Our desire to get drunk, along with the individual and social benefits provided by drunkenness, played a crucial role in sparking the rise of the first large-scale societies. We would not have civilization without intoxication.

From marauding Vikings and bacchanalian orgies to sex-starved fruit flies, blind cave fish, and problem-solving crows, Drunk is packed with fascinating case studies and engaging science, as well as practical takeaways for individuals and communities. The result is a captivating and long overdue investigation into humanity's oldest indulgence--one that explains not only why we want to get drunk, but also how it might actually be good for us to tie one on now and then.

Table of Contents
Introductionp. 3
1Why Do We Get Drunk?p. 17
Brain Hijack: Porn and Sexually Starved Fruit Fliesp. 23
Evolutionary Hangovers: Drunken Monkeys, Liquid Kimchee, and Dirty Waterp. 27
More Than Twinkles and Porn: Beyond Hangover and Hijack Theoriesp. 31
A Genuine Evolutionary Puzzle: An Enemy in the Mouth That Steals Away the Brainp. 35
A Genetic Mystery: We Are Apes Built to Get Highp. 41
A Cultural Mystery: Prohibition's Strange Failure to Take Over the Worldp. 49
Pickles for the Ancestors?p. 58
2Leaving the Door Open for Dionysusp. 61
The Human Ecological Niche: Creative, Cultural, Communalp. 65
The Creative Animalp. 71
The Cultural Animalp. 80
The Communal Animalp. 87
Regaining the Child's Mindp. 95
The Drunken Mindp. 97
Leaving the Door Open for Dionysusp. 103
3Intoxication, Ecstasy, and the Origins of Civilizationp. 107
A Visit from the Muse: Intoxication and Creativityp. 111
Chemical Puppies: Turning Wolves into Labradorsp. 116
The Chemical Handshake: In Vino Veritasp. 124
Puking and Bondingp. 134
Liquid Ecstasy and the Hive Mindp. 141
Political Power and Social Solidarityp. 150
Cultural Group Selectionp. 156
4Intoxication in the Modern Worldp. 159
Whiskey Rooms, Saloons, and the Ballmer Peakp. 162
Truth Is the Color Blue: Modern Shamans and Microdosingp. 171
Why Skype Didn't Eliminate Business Travelp. 177
Office Parties: Pros and Not Just Consp. 182
Long Live the Localp. 187
Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beer Holder: Sex, Friendship, and Intimacyp. 192
Collective Effervescence: Tequila Shots and Burning Manp. 199
Ecstasy: Vacation from the Selfp. 204
It's Only Rock-n-Roll: Defending the Hedonistic Bodyp. 211
It Is Time to Be Drunkp. 217
5The Dark Side of Dionysusp. 223
The Puzzle of Alcoholismp. 226
The Problem with Liquor: An Evolutionary Mismatchp. 232
Isolation: The Danger of Drinking Alonep. 239
Distillation and Isolation: The Twin Banes of Modernityp. 244
Drunk Driving, Bar Fights, and Venereal Diseasep. 247
Beer Goggles and Violence Against Womenp. 251
Outsiders and Teetotalers Not Welcome: Reinforcing the Old Boys' Clubsp. 254
Solace or Wedge? Reinforcing Bad Relationshipsp. 261
Drunk on Heaven: Getting Beyond Alcohol?p. 264
Taming Dionysusp. 270
Living with Dionysusp. 280
Conclusionp. 283
Acknowledgmentsp. 293
Bibliographyp. 297
Notesp. 323
Indexp. 351
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