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How charts lie : getting smarter about visual information
2019
Where is it?
Fiction/Biography Profile
Genre
NonFiction
Large Cover Image
Trade Reviews
Publishers Weekly Review
Visual journalism professor Cairo (The Truthful Art), who has consulted for Google and the Congressional Budget Office, provides a valuable guide to reading charts with a critical and nuanced eye. With the use of such graphics throughout media only increasing, Cairo insists, persuasively, that "just looking at charts, as if they were mere illustrations," is not enough; "we must learn to read them and interpret them correctly." After offering a guide to different kinds of charts, Cairo presents the different ways they can mislead, including by using the wrong data or concealing uncertainty. His examples of misleading charts include one from an antiabortion group purporting to show Planned Parenthood's cancer-screening and prevention services sharply declining while the abortions it provided sharply rose; Cairo patiently explains how the chart concealed and distorted information, such as by "using a different vertical scale for each variable." By also criticizing staunchly liberal New York Times columnist Paul Krugman for using a chart depicting the annual U.S. murder rate that omits data from more recent years, Cairo even-handedly demonstrates that the misuse of infographics is not confined to one political side. At a time of widespread concern over disinformation in the media, Cairo provides a valuable corrective to the acceptance of numbers, and their visual representation, as having objective truth. (Oct.)
Kirkus Review
As this entertaining addition demonstrates, the "how to lie with statistics" genre is alive and well.Cairo (Chair, Visual Journalism/Univ. of Miami; The Truthful Art: Data, Charts, and Maps for Communication, 2016, etc.) points out that "charts may liebecause they display either the wrong information or too little information. However, a chart can show the right type of information and lie anyway due to poor design or labeling." In a cheerful introductory chapter, the author explains that, while writing was invented about 5,000 years ago and charts weren't used until the late 1700s, both are encoded forms of communication with a structure and vocabulary. Readers receive well-researched information about the makeup of a chart along with the warning that this knowledge, like rules of grammar, is necessary but not sufficient. It's essential to pay attention. Cairo begins with a U.S. map, almost entirely red, that many claim shows the overwhelming popularity of Donald Trump in 2016. But how could that be if he received only 46 percent of the vote? The trick is that the map label shows not voters but counties with Trump majorities. Since large counties (rural) mostly voted for him and small counties (urban) didn't, such a map is overwhelmingly red. The map, although real, is used to lie. In the generously illustrated chapters that follow, the author delivers a painless, if often uncomfortable education. On a trivial level, one must know what a chart is measuring. A chart of homeless schoolchildren in Florida reveals counties with more than 20 percent. The streets are not full of sleeping students because "homeless" is not defined as "no home" but rather as "lacking a fixed, regular nighttime residence." There are plenty of no-brainers, sadly widely ignored, such as, "correlation is not causation." The graph showing that cigarette smoking increases in nations with a greater life expectancy does not prove that smoking is healthy.An ingenious tool for detecting flaws in charts, which nowadays seem mostly deliberate. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Summary
Today, public conversations are increasingly driven by numbers. Although charts, infographics, and diagrams can make us smarter, they can also deceive?intentionally or unintentionally. To be informed citizens, we must all be able to decode and use the visual information that politicians, journalists, and even our employers present to us each day. How Charts Lie examines contemporary examples ranging from election result infographics to global GDP maps and box office record charts, demystifying an essential new literacy for our data-driven world.
Table of Contents
Prologue: A World Brimming with Chartsp. xi
Introductionp. 1
Chapter 1How Charts Workp. 21
Chapter 2Charts That Lie by Being Poorly Designedp. 53
Chapter 3Charts That Lie by Displaying Dubious Datap. 81
Chapter 4Charts That Lie by Displaying Insufficient Datap. 107
Chapter 5Charts That Lie by Concealing or Confusing Uncertaintyp. 135
Chapter 6Charts That Lie by Suggesting Misleading Patternsp. 153
Conclusion: Don't Lie to Yourself (or to Others) with Chartsp. 175
Acknowledgmentsp. 195
Notesp. 197
Bibliographyp. 207
Further Readingp. 211
Indexp. 215
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